Clive Robertson vs Hal Niedzviecki Essay

There are contrasts between Clive Robertson and Hal Niedzviecki. One is talking about how Artist-Run Centre can run better and it should be continue with younger artist in this century and one is talking about the Art Bureaucracy is ruining artists’ creativity and decisions. The following essay will be deep discuss each writer’s point of view and the ambitions of art. In Clive Robertson’s essay, â€Å"Policy Matters: Administrations of Art and Culture, through InFest: International Artist Run Culture, it was held in Vancouver in 2004. He discussed the Canadian artists where they held artist space, artist-run centre or artist’ events during the past and present. Clive said, â€Å"The manifestations of the artist-run culture movement in Canada has been widespread and enduring for many reasons aside from its existence within a particular conjuncture of nation-building through state funding. † (Clive 3) Artist-Run Culture was very active during the sixties and seventies, that’s why Clive said the art culture movement has been widespread. Clive also discussed what claims to be contemporary art in the essay. Talking about artist-run culture, many people must be confused what that is. For myself, I didn’t know the differences between public gallery, commercial gallery or what artist-run centre is if I see a gallery on the street because the gallery is usually just showing the works. After a deep thought, I realized there are differences between different galleries. Public gallery is like AGO, though you need to pay the admission fee to go in, it’s a museum for you to browse the arts. Museum usually is just for browsing, not purchasing. For commercial gallery, is a private owned gallery where the artists can sell their own works. I didn’t know much of Artist-run centre until I know there’s Nuit Blanche. Nuit Blanche is a big artist-run centre in Toronto and I think it’s very successful. As Clive said in the text, â€Å"The first thing is that conceptualism’s intellectual currency as an art-making strategy is very much alive; and, secondly that the projects of self-government or self-administration and bureaucracy for artists have to be â€Å"lived through† in order to comprehend and assess what rules are in play and which sets of rules provide the most or least acceptable ethical opportunities and advantages. (Clive 2) Artist-run is hard to run it without funding from government or non-profit organizations. So, they think it’s better to run as bureaucracy for artists. They will have a more stable base to run art. Arts need to be thinking out of the box which Designers always been asked to do. Artist-Run Centre keeps on running in different places, but it seems like artists and curators stop discussing about it. The artists and curators from this generation should start to write about the Artist-Run Centre, or else it would just stop as history and there’s no contemporary anymore. Hal Niedzivecki discussed in the essay, Fear and Loathing on the Granting Trail: Canadian Art Versus Canadian Bureaucracy†, Niedzivecki said Canadian artists suffers from Arts Bureaucracy Angst (ABA). ABA can ruin the artists’ life, such as creativity. The world is full of judgments and right or wrong, but it seems like Arts Bureaucracy is not giving artists choices of what they are doing. Niedzivecki had given examples of the artists/writers about their story. â€Å"You’ll note that Molly Morin learned a reverse lesson: she got her grant, and so was empowered, personally – not financially – to pursue her poetry and publish her chapbook†¦. A faceless verdict is issued; lacking context or explanation or encouragement, one can easily mistake that verdict decision – ever meant to be† (Niedzivecki 259) Arts Bureaucracy can be putting some pressures on the artists. People always say being an artist is so poor; you’ll be famous after you died. For artists, they make art because they love to create something through art and they make money from it, but it is hard to make money from doing art. As Niedzivecki mentioned, â€Å"Artists have always needed funding. † (Niedzivecki 259), artists don’t know their art will sell and earn them money. ABA is the ugly, gnawing feeling we get when we sense that our livelihood is under threat by forces – global, government – that we can neither affect nor predit. † (Niedzivecki 260) Not only artist and designer, basically everything is controlled by the global and the government. You do have the right to make some art or design, but you can’t avoid having judgments or rejections from the global. ABA is totally a discouragement to artist. Niedzivecki could depict the truthfulness and the ugliness of ABA in the essay. In conclusion, contemporary art is not only involve with conceptual art, body art, environmental art, correspondence art, performance art, but it’s include with artist-run centre and arts bureaucracy angst. In contrast between Clive Robertson and Hal Niedzivecki, they both have different points of view of contemporary Canadian art. Indeed, I found a similarity between two authors message is that artists are â€Å"starving artist†, where Niedzivecki had mentioned in the essay. Artists want to do their best in their artworks and get compliments from others. Unfortunately, the rejections or judgments they get are way more than compliments.

Red Smith: More Than Just a Sportswriter Essay

There is truly no person that has ever deserved to be called a writer more than Red Smith. As a man who loved and believed in the art of writing, he once stated, â€Å"All you do is sit down and open a vein and bleed it out drop by drop† (Schmuhl xx). Even more, he was a hardworking and dedicated man that put his all into each piece of literature, despite the constant and restraining deadlines placed on him. His dedication was never more evident than when he stated, â€Å"I made up my mind that every time I sat down to a typewriter I would slash my veins and bleed and that I’d try to make each word dance† (Schmuhl xx). Furthermore, his work far exceeded the stigmas placed on sports writing at the time, since he cared more about the literature than the subject matter. This is all evident in his essay, â€Å"When I Was an Athlete,† in which he discusses what it was like to try to get out of gym class as a freshman in college. Red Smith’s background, experiences, and writing style propelled him to be one of the greatest sportswriters of all time. Red Smith’s background helps explain his current position as one of the best sportswriters to ever pick up a pen. Smith graduated from the University of Notre Dame in 1927 and wasted no time signing on as a reporter. After working for the Milwaukee Sentinel, Smith took a job as a sportswriter for the St. Louis Star-Times. He went on to write for the Philadelphia Record for nine years, which allowed him to further hone his skills as a writer. Finally in 1945, Smith began his critically acclaimed column, â€Å"Views of Sport† in the New York Herald Tribune. This would all culminate in his 1956 victory of the coveted Grantland Rice Memorial Award for outstanding sports writing and a Pulitzer Prize in 1976, which he claimed was one of the two achievements he would like to be remembered for according to Schmuhl. Smith ? ally joined the staff of the New York Times in 1972, where he continued writing his famed and beloved sports columns (Britannica Encyclopedia). Smith, considered to be one of the most literate and colorful sportswriters of all time, developed a keen writing style during his early years in the business. He delved into the worlds of football, baseball, boxing, and horse racing in his writing. According to the Britannica Encyclopedia, Smith’s â€Å"literary craftsmanship, humorous and iconoclastic approach, and deep knowledge of sports made him of the of the United States’ most popular sportswriters† and he managed to shake the heavy argon used in most sportswriting, while maintaining his popularity. He even became a consultant on usage for many dictionaries and encyclopedias due to his precise use of the English language (Britannica Encyclopedia). All these attributes led Smith to becoming a better writer. While Smith may have had an illustrious career writing about sports, that wasn’t even his ? rst passion. Smith put it plainly, â€Å"I never had any soaring ambition to be a sportswriter, per se. I wanted to be a newspaper man, and came to realize I didn’t really care which side of the paper I worked on† (Schmuhl xvi). Robert Schmuhl further shows that Red’s passion was rooted in more than just sports through the quote, â€Å"Journalism was his passion rather than sports, a viewpoint that never changed† (xvi). This passion for writing explains why his work is more literate than the norm for sports writing and deviates from the regular jargon found in newspapers. Furthermore, this helped him gain wide popularity, since his works weren’t just catered to people who watched sports. His work ethic also put in him in a position to become a great writer. Since he was a perfectionist who was always looking for the perfect phrase or metaphor, his columns could take upwards of six hours to write (Schmuhl xx). Smith was also one of the last reporters to leave the press box and when he wasn’t at work, he would spend long hours in his home of? ce, to which he referred to as â€Å"The Sweat Shop† or â€Å"The Torture Chamber† (Schmuhl xx). When Smith worked in Philadelphia, he was writing columns seven days a week and even ? ling event stories, and this work came with little relief as he worked for the Record for nine years (Schmuhl xvi). However, this work did not come without reward. Stanley Woodward, the sports editor of the New York Herald Tribune, called Smith with a job opportunity (Schmuhl xvi). Woodward viewed him as â€Å"the greatest of all sports writers, by which I mean he is better than all the ancients as well as the modems† (Schmuhl xvi). His move to New York allowed him to reach a wider audience and it wouldn’t be possible without his undying work ethic. While his background and experiences show how he was able to write luminously, his writing is what truly shot him to the top of his ? eld. The brilliance in his work was never more evident than his essay, â€Å"When I Was an Athlete†. In this essay, he pulled together all of the great things that Smith is known for, most notably his humor, strong sense of perspective, and use of metaphors and similes. The essay deviates from his norm of writing about other people in sports, and instead discusses his own sports experience. He offers an interesting story about how he didn’t like gym class his freshman year at Notre Dame University, so in order to not have to go to the classes, he joined the track team. Playing it off like he was a decent mile runner, he managed to acquire a spot on the team. When it was ? ally time to run at a meet, he ran so poorly that other runners were actually lapping him, and his merciful coach decided to cut him a break and tell him to hit the showers. Afterwards he decided to ditch track and not go to gym class either, but he was able to skate by with gym attendance due to the gym teacher’s negligence with record keeping. He was still marked down with good attendance by the time swimming came around. Swimming, unlike regular gym, wouldn’t have been an issue for Smith, but his friend didn’t know how to swim so he asked Red to help him out and take the test for him. Since the instructor didn’t know either of the two, Smith signed in with the wrong name and passed the test for his friend. However, when it was time for Red to take the test for himself, which he planned to take after everyone else was done; the swimming supervisor told him that he had already passed. Thus, Smith thought he wasn’t going to get any kind of credit for gym, but since the swim instructor gave over everyone on the roster for the swim tests, which gave everyone a passing grade, he was able to get away with not properly participating in gym class. Smith concludes his experience with freshman gym in â€Å"When I was an Athlete†, â€Å"So there I was. I had ducked out of gym class, I had failed as a runner, and I had not passed the swimming test in my own name. I had no right whatever to a gym credit but I got it because that instructor simply turned in all the names on his roster and everybody passed. I don’t know why I should still hate him. But I do. † (Schmuhl 57). Smith took a difficult experience and turned it into a humorous essay filled with similes, metaphors, and all the style a reader can ask for, proving that he truly is a prolific writer. The story and picture that Smith paints with his funny anecdote about his gym experiences show that he was able to transcend simple sports reporting and tell a story. His ability to capture the reader’s attention and take him or her on a journey is what set him aside from other journalists of his time. All of this goes back to the fact that he wanted to be a writer more than he wanted to be sports journalist. Moreover, this essay proves that he had a vast reach in his writing abilities and was not just stymied to the doldrums that sometimes encompass regular sports reporting. Smith’s ability to tell a story was one of the biggest reasons for his popularity and is what set him apart from the pack of sportswriters. Smith’s writing was also varied and interesting due to his allusion to others. Rather than simply beginning with his own thesis or introduction, in this particular essay, Smith decided to give a quote from another writer who wrote about a similar experience. This helps capture the reader’s attention and introduce the topic in a more interesting manner. The quote from his essay, â€Å"When I Was an Athlete†, demonstrates how he quoted someone else to introduce his own topic: â€Å"‘Also, in order to pass gymnasium (and you had to pass it to graduate), you had to learn to swim if you didn’t know how. I don’t like the swimming pool, I didn’t like swimming, and I didn’t like the swimming instructor, and after all these years, I still don’t. I never swam, but I passed my gym work anyway, by having another student give my gymnasium number (978) and swim across the pool in my place. ’† (Schmuhl 54). This connection to James Thurber’s quote provides a nice and smooth way to get into his topic. Smith even goes as far as to discuss how the quote gave way to this piece, â€Å"I don’t know how many times I read this passage in James Thurber’s account of his hard times at Ohio State before I related it to my own trials as a freshman at Notre Dame† (Schmuhl 54). This insight gives readers more to sink their teeth into and perpetuates Smith’s strengths as a writer. Red Smith also went off on brief tangents, which allowed him to establish a conversational voice and make his writing more interesting. At multiple times in this essay, Smith began to discuss other experiences that didn’t directly correspond with the original subject matter. For example, when he was discussing his experience at his track meet, he told the reader about how some people were laughing in the stands. With the conversational transition of â€Å"perhaps I should explain that† he began to discuss how close he was to the people he roomed with and then brought his original story back with the transition â€Å"the point is† (Schmuhl 55). This provides yet another interesting story about his life and it gives readers an opportunity to better understand the situation, but more importantly it allows readers to feel like they are in a conversation because of the voice and tone created by Smith. Smith also deviated from the central issue when he began to discuss his former experiences with swimming when he was much younger as he writes, â€Å"I’d been swimming since I was six or seven. When I was a kid in Green Bay, Wisconsin it was a point of pride to be the first chump in the water in any year. † (Schmuhl 56). Here he didn’t provide the same types of transitions, which allowed the reader to understand the change in topic. After giving some background information, Smith then goes back to his story and begin to discuss how he took the swimming test for his friend. These tangents allow for a more interesting and involved reading experience. Smith was also a master at using literary devices to paint a vivid picture and to make his writing more interesting. As James Kilpatrick said, â€Å"He had a nice hand for simile and metaphor,† and this essay was no different (Schmuhl 45). However, not only did Smith bring in similes and metaphors, he also made them humorous, which makes the picture he paints with his words all the more interesting. An example that truly embodies Red Smith is the quote from â€Å"When I Was an Athlete† in which he combines his famous use of similes and humor, â€Å"Then, faced with the intolerable prospect of resuming my place in the formation and, on command, rising on my toes and flapping my arms like a buzzard trying to take off, I read the fine print in the college catalogue† (Schmuhl 54). Furthermore, he was able to use personification to bring the reader into his own mind and perception of events. He used the phrase â€Å"the gun barked† to describe how his race started at the meet (Schmuhl 55). This shows how he didn’t exactly want to be there and even how he felt out of place. It makes the reader feel as though he was being forced to start the race because when a person is barked at, it doesn’t bring up pleasant thoughts. His uses of metaphors, similes, and personification all bring more flare to his writing and bring people into the situation. As noted by James Kilpatrick, Red Smith had a keen sense of perspective in his writing (Schmuhl 45). Perhaps this is never more evident than in his essay, â€Å"When I Was an Athlete†. Throughout the entire essay, Smith gives extensive point of view and thoughts from his own perspective. The readers get a sense that they are in Smith’s shoes going through the experience. Smith exemplifies his skill for showing the reader the situation from his own eyes when he discusses his run at the meet, â€Å"For a while I was alone. Then the short-handicap runners moved up, ran with me briefly, and went on. Pretty soon Kennedy and Nulty passed, and I was alone again. But not for long. Here ame the eager ones pouring past, with a full lap on me. † (Schmuhl 55). Through this quote it is clear that Smith was a master at using perspective to make the reader see and feel the situation as he did. Smith’s use of perspective makes his essays more enjoyable to read and was also a factor for Smith transcending the simplicities of sports reporting and becoming a tremendous writer. Smith also gave extensive detail in his writing. His detail also allowed the reader to jump into the scene with Smith and feel the same things, while painting a clearer picture of the events. The quote of, â€Å"For lunch I had pork chops with applesauce, mashed potatoes, green peas, salad, several glasses of milk, and pie a la mode,† shows how Smith’s vivid memory gave the reader more information about the situation (Schmuhl 55). However, all these details about the food he ate weren’t quite as frivolous as they may have seemed, since he would later bring it up that he tasted the food as he struggled through his run and later became sick and threw up his extravagant lunch. This shows Smith’s genius in his writing because he gave information that may seem excessive at first, but later the reader is reminded of its importance. Smith’s attention to detail propelled him to the top of the sportswriting field. Red Smith was a great writer and critically acclaimed as one of the best of all time. His numerous awards testify to his long lasting excellence as more than just a sports journalist, but as a writer in every sense of the word. None of it would be possible if it weren’t for his background and ability to produce great works such as â€Å"When I Was an Athlete†. Intangibles that range from his work ethic all the way to his ability to use the perfect metaphors make him one of the greatest writers to ever grace a piece of paper.

Principles of Health and Social Care Practice Essay - 2

Principles of Health and Social Care Practice - Essay Example Promoting effective communication (the ability to communicate with colleagues and service users) is a vital portion of being a care worker. Acknowledging individuals personal identities and beliefs is very important. In a multicultural and a multi ethnic society, it is important and fair that care workers are aware of cultural differences of people, respect them and assist keep their individual identities. 1.2 The procedures that are adopted in ABC Care Home.It is always the responsibility of the staff to keep the procedures to guard the health and social care users. They have the responsibility to guard clients, the public, patients and colleagues from the peril of harm (Basford & Oliver, 2011, p.101).   They should work precisely so that they can be in a position to guard them from harm. They should see to it that their behavior does not place patients and clients at peril; even they must be concerned about their health aspect as well. They have to guard the consumers of the serv ices from safety and health issue, to guard the disable, people’s right from illness and infection and from abuse (create a harmless environment). The safety and health work dangers at ABC can be in form of a wet or slippery flow, rearrangement of furniture and equipment, hanging electric wires, dirty facilities and sharing of objects that may contribute to infection (Alcock, May, & Rowlingson, 2008, p.72). It is always the responsibility of the staff to keep the procedures to guard the health and social care users.

Case Briefs Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Case Briefs - Essay Example Gilson initiated an action against the Metropolitan Opera as well as the Lincoln Center for negligence and for violation of certain provisions of the City Building Code. Consequently, the trial court set aside the allegation against Lincoln Center, it being an out of possession lessor. On appeal, the Appellate Court reversed the ruling of the trial court which denied the Metropolitan opera's motion for summary judgment pronouncing that there were questions of fact "including, but not limited to whether defendant maintained the stairs aisles in dangerous manner thereby causing a dangerous condition which caused the plaintiff's accident." Whether or not the Metropolitan Opera House can be held liable for negligence for the injury sustained by Estelle Gilson, by allowing Donald Taitts to return to his seat after the performance had resumed without an escort or usher The Court pointed out that herein plaintiff Gilson did not asset a breach of any common law duty expected to the Opera House. The Court further elucidated that imposing a duty on the Opera House based on its house rules "would in effect, be punishing it for attempting to ensure an exceptional level of courtesy to the audience and the performers" which correspondingly will lead to a new and detailed standard of care for all theatrical venues. Similarly, the Court ruled that despite of the deficiency in the compliance with the City Building Code, the loss of balance and the fall of Mr. Taitts cannot be attributed to it. IT does not appear that it has been related to his inability to see his seat due to the inadequate lighting but it can be recognized as his difficulty in movement. Morgan Vertical Consultants, Inc. v. Arco Wentworth Mgmt. (2007 NY Slip Op 50554(U)) Supreme Court Queens County, New York. 2007 Facts: Plaintiff Morgan Vertical Consultants, Inc is a service provider for elevator maintenance and repair works, commences an action for the recovery of sum money for goods, labor and services among others pursuant to contracts with the sixteen cooperative which the defendant Arco Wentworth Mgmt. is the managing agent. It likewise includes allegation of unjust enrichment. Procedural History and Posture: Defendant Arco moves for a motion to dismiss the causes of action on the ground that there is no privity of contract between herein defendant Arco and Morgan. On the other hand, herein plaintiff alleges that herein defendant is estopped from asserting lack of privity of contract as an argument. Issues: 1. Is there a privity of contract between Morgan Vertical Consultants and Arco Wentworth Mgmt 2. Can Morgan interpose the defense of estoppel against Arco Decision: 1. The Court ruled in the negative. There is no privity of contract between the parties as evidenced by the separate contracts and the bills and invoices by Morgan Vertical Consultants. 2. The Court ruled in the negative. Plaintiff has failed to identify any representations or conduct of the defendant which caused the plaintiff to act to its detriments. Reasoning: The Court provides that obligations arising out of the contract are usually limited to the parties and only the parties to a contract are

Reflective Report Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2500 words

Reflective Report - Essay Example When it comes to being â€Å"dependable†, it is always my best interest to create a remarkable atmosphere within myself in order for others to generate among themselves a certain level of trust in me. I have not thought about it that others could actually see it in me, but based on understanding of my generic competencies, I am capable of initiating a positive response to important things that somebody might entrust to me. That is why I totally agree with the three specific statements I received from the three respondents who told me something about my being dependable. What matters at this point is the fact that there is a positive consistency of what I thought about myself and what others could tell about how I could be relied on certain things. The problem with this is that these respondents might have just seen me based on the standpoint of generic competencies or areas of effectiveness, which I presume common to all people especially with high level of â€Å"dependabilit y†. After all, they still have many things to learn about me. People with high level of dependability are consistently doing the same level of things the way I do. There are no other special things they might observe at this point just the way I do. This is how I view how others might have tried to take a look at my dependability and they based it on the common standard that organizations usually employ to look out the best for others. However, in my case, my being dependable does not have any consistent link with my performance in an organization. This is really who I am. This is my lifestyle. Everything about my dependability does not need to be associated with my performance in an organization. It is just really part of being me that I just do not like not to guarantee others a certain level of trust on my potential or worth as a person. It is integral part of my personality which boils down to the kind of behavior I might have carried at this moment. So at this point, I co uld say my being dependable is unique due to the point that it is tantamount of who I am at present. It is just a bit encouraging that people around me could actually see outside who I am inside. However, I just do not have a remarkable proof that what they actually see in me is who really I am inside, which could substantially tell something more about my uniqueness as a person. However, due to the statements I received from the target respondents, I have finally validated the uniqueness and innermost part of my being as one reliable enough to be entrusted with things in an organization. However, as of now I could clearly say that with the change of my actual behavior, my uniqueness as a person would eventually banish. After all, being dependable is something intrinsic that I found could not be influenced by an organization as I consider it enough as a lifestyle, which changes my perspectives and actual behavior. The other emergent theme that I come to formulate about the feedback I received from my respondent is â€Å"integrity†. The three feedbacks associated with this theme are all consistently pointing to the idea that I am true to my words, which positively builds a positive impression for my identity. As I considered myself dependable, integrity perhaps is strongly associated with dependability as this remarkably

The Impact of Technology on Criminal Justice Essay - 1

The Impact of Technology on Criminal Justice - Essay Example Reflecting on the above understanding, this paper critically examines the impact of technology on criminal justice from a broad point of view. Research records that technological advancements have been developing fast-paced and unabated and more so within all realms of life from physical to biological. This encompasses advances in computing, robotics, artificial intelligence, genetics, neuroscience, biotechnology with these just but a few. Despite the fact that information technology has resulted to developments in various sectors, it has also some limitations. However, in this section we will examine how technology has had impact on criminal justice from a broad point of view. Technology has undoubtedly shifted the paradigms of crime with both police and criminals evolving like mutants (Cole, 2007, p. 26). With either side seeking to keep at pace with technology, there unravels a race but with which the police are expected to always maintain an upper-hand.the reason for this is because the police are mandated to protect the innocent public and with the support from respective governments, they are under constant pressure to subdue criminals (Hall, 2008, p. 39). Occasionally criminals get the upper-hand and commit severe crimes then manage to slip through from police who normally would be hot on their heels. Ideal embodiments for such incidents include the infamous Mumbai terrorist attack in India where many dozens were killed in a hostage siege in a five-star hotel (Schaefer, 2012). Other than possessing lethal weaponry, they used smart phones, satellite imagery and night vision goggles to locate their victims (Mark Goodman). The terrorists also had an operations center across the border in Pakistan that they used to monitor global news and social media in real time, and leveraging public photos, videos to kill more people. FBI, last year, seized a remotely-controlled robotic aircraft riddled with explosives bound for US

ACCT310 U5 IP Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

ACCT310 U5 IP - Research Paper Example Therefore, the ski lift will be more profitable in an after tax situation and will add more to the company’s wealth. However, there are several subjective factors that can affect the investment decision. The company can only assume additional number of ski tickets after the installation of the new lifts. Nonetheless, this value can vary to a great extent. A troubled weather for a few days will cost the lodge hundreds of visitors every day. Similarly, the new lifts are not a surety for attracting hundred of more visitors to the resort. The company must have other plans to attract the customers to the lodge, and then convince them to use the ski lifts and other accessories. Therefore, the new ski lift is, in itself, a profitable investment based on the net present values; nonetheless, there are many others subjective factors that need to be looked upon before making a final investment

SYSTEMS AND DATABASES - COURSEWORK Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

SYSTEMS AND DATABASES - COURSEWORK - Essay Example Solution: A database solution would ensure better storage, addition, modification and deletion of resident records so that bed allocation is handled better. Bed allocation would not only help the care manager but also the placement officer to know the affordable rates for the beds for fund approval process. Databases namely Oracle or MySql server can be used for storing and retrieving the records of beds and residents. Problem definition: The nurse records are not well maintained for immediate allocation and is very difficult to know the availability of the nurses for resident allocation and assignment. Even their weekly payment hours are sometimes faulty. Solution: A database system with alerts (triggers) would be largely helpful in knowing the reorder level for nurse’s availability and their filling up with buffers so that patients are taken care and attended at all times. Solution: An information system should be well connected with the pharmacist who would ensure better and timely delivery of drugs for use by the home. Again the proposal for an interconnected system like that of ERP is most useful in such cases. It would not only manage the various elements but would also reduce their operation cycle time in terms of effort and time taken by the various actors like the care manager, nursing manager and others to accomplish a task. As the hospital demands quick and timely action to keep up with the patient’s medical demands, an ERP system would ensure effective data transfer and reduce their lead times (Ballou, 2002). Solution: The updation of records are essentially required for fetching the exact state of the patients at all times. The system must reflect that at every point of time as to the status of the patient. A database solution would ensure better management of the home and ensure a reflection of the

Cango Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

Cango - Essay Example With respect to the firm CanGo, it should be noted that the firm is aware of what industries it seeks to expand in; in addition to what industries they want to continue to remain a viable competitor. Therefore, if the firm is able to increase its sales numbers, the researchers within CanGo will find it necessary to conduct in depth analyses as a means of determining the best approach that should be made. With this accomplished, the research division, as well as the remainder of the firm, will have a means of understanding which markets are the most appealing, which require too high a level of investment, and which should be immediately engaged with. In this manner, Evolve Professional Business Consulting, has set out a baseline criteria through which CanGo should effectively research the options that are presented to them and make informed decisions based upon them. One of the most important steps that should be taken before the research itself is conducted is the question of who CanGo wishes to appeal to/sell to. Although this is something of a simplistic step, it is absolutely integral if the firm wishes to approach the research from an informed and effective standpoint. Far too many firms overlook this aspect of preliminary inquiry and set off to perform further research with incorrect assumptions that ultimately serve in misguiding the information that they are able to retrieve. Additionally, CanGo also should consider performing research for current and future sales; as a means of determining what movements in consumer markets are likely to impact the firm within the coming months and years. Market size is another fundamental aspect of business strategy and review of performance and projected business engagement that is essential in performing effective planning. As such, by identifying the target market, CanGo will be effectively able to seek to meet consumer needs within the current time frame; as well as in the near

The Effectness of Nike Brand Marketing Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 10000 words

The Effectness of Nike Brand Marketing - Essay Example From this study it is clear that the Nike brand name and its swoosh logo is perhaps one of the most recognizable throughout the world along with those of Coca-Cola, Disney and Microsoft. Its products are greatly performing and currently, the brand is the market leader of its industry. The most recent market report places Nike comfortably ahead of Adidas, its closest competitor, with a 36 percent global sales as opposed to the latter’s 21.8 percent. Willigan credits much of this success to the fact that Nike is a champion brand builder, with its promotional slogans like â€Å"Bo Knows,† â€Å"Just Do it’† and â€Å"There Is No Finish Line,† -among others distinctive mantras- have moved beyond advertising into popular expression, demonstrating the extent of Nike’s intrusion in many people’s consciousness and how it has evolved.As the paper outlines  Nike’s history demonstrates a development and emergence of a quintessential   company. It was started by Philip Knight in his mother’s bathroom back in 1962 with the name Blue Ribbon Sports. From then until 1971, the â€Å"start-up† company was a fledgling player in the shoe industry. The year after, however, would radically change the fate of the shoe manufacturer. When William Bowerman, then a running coach at the University of Oregon, presented to Knight how a piece of malleable rubber on a waffle iron could actually enhance running performance, Knight took this presentation to heart, and Nike was born.... (MSNBC 2008) Willigan (2009) credits much of this success to the fact that Nike is a champion brand builder, with its promotional slogans like â€Å"Bo Knows,† â€Å"Just Do it’† and â€Å"There Is No Finish Line,† -among others distinctive mantras- have moved beyond advertising into popular expression, demonstrating the extent of Nike’s intrusion in many people’s consciousness and how it has evolved. Background Nike’s history demonstrates a development and emergence of a quintessential company. It was started by Philip Knight in his mother’s bathroom back in 1962 with the name Blue Ribbon Sports. From then until 1971, the â€Å"start-up† company was a fledgling player in the shoe industry. The year after, however, would radically change the fate of the shoe manufacturer. When William Bowerman, then a running coach at the University of Oregon, presented to Knight how a piece of malleable rubber on a waffle iron could actu ally enhance running performance, Knight took this presentation to heart, and Nike was born. Pinxten and Preckler (2006) chronicled this pivotal presentation: By attaching such a cushioning piece of rubber to the sole of the shoes, they would become both lighter in weight and more durable. In twelve years sales rose from $2 million in 1972 to $919 million by 1984. (p13) From the earliest stage of Nike’s history, promotions have been a fundamental part of its operations. This is best represented by the choice of Nike – the name of the Greek winged goddess of victory – as well as the swoosh logo, which, for its part, was designed largely for aesthetic purposes. This was, according to Gereffi and Korzeniewicz (1994), an

The Asch Phenomenon and Consumer Behavior Essay Example for Free

The Asch Phenomenon and Consumer Behavior Essay Imagine yourself sitting in a room with seven of your peers. You are asked a question and given a choice of three different answers: A, B, or C. You know the answer is C, yet every single person before you confidently states that the answer is B. Do you stick with your answer, or eliminate the fear of being wrong and embarrassed in front of your peers and go along with the group? This is the exact dilemma faced by subjects in the famous Asch experiment. The Asch phenomenon can be defined as the effect of a reference group on individual decision making that occurs because of a perceived pressure to conform to the stated opinions of the group members. As consumers, we should recognize the great impact this phenomenon can have on our buying behaviors. While interacting in a group setting, we may make choices that are different from what we would do when alone. Marketers and salespeople may use this idea to their advantage when presenting a product to potential customers. If they can get a few people to voice a positive opinion toward their products, it is likely that others will follow. As consumers, we should be aware of when this idea may be used unethically in order to protect our individual interests. For example, a salesperson may try to sell a product to an audience of potential consumers. However, some people working for the salesperson may be planted in the audience posing as naive consumers in order to influence the purchase behaviors of the other members of the audience. Also, marketers may use individuals’ insecurities to pressure them to go along with the group, even when it is not in a person’s best interest. An ad showing a man being ridiculed for buying a less expensive television set may unethically lead a consumer to think he needs to buy something unaffordable to fit in with his friends. Explanation of the Topic The Asch phenomenon is a concept derived from the findings of a study conducted in 1951. Solomon Asch (1907 1996) originally conducted this experiment to explain conformity to majority-established norms (Moghaddam, 1998). The subjects involved in the study were brought into a room with seven other students (who were all working for Asch and were instructed on what to do) and seated second-to-last around a table. The subjects were told that the experiment was concerned with accuracy and visual perception, and that their task was to choose which of the three bars on the right matched the length of the bar on the left and to give their answers aloud. The confederates in the study were instructed to give incorrect answers 12 out of 18 times in order to see whether or not the subject would go along with the crowd after hearing their incorrect responses (â€Å"Conformity Experiments Asch: Social Pressure†). A Test of Perception [pic] Which line in Exhibit 2 is the same length as the line in Exhibit 1? A series of experiments by Solomon Asch, testing the effects of social pressure on individual perceptions, showed that some people in some situations will go against the evidence of their own senses if the people around them seem to perceive something different. Thirty-seven of the fifty subjects conformed to the majority at least once, and fourteen of them conformed on more than half of the significant trials (â€Å"Conformity†). Overall, 35 percent of the subjects’ responses conformed to the group’s incorrect judgments. This is surprising because the control group achieved near perfect accuracy, showing that the task was not inherently difficult. In addition, when the experiment was duplicated allowing the subjects to write down their own judgments privately after hearing the incorrect responses of the group, conformity was drastically reduced (Baxter). The reasons why subjects gave in to group influence hold important ideas for salespeople and marketers. People conform for two main reasons: because they want to be liked by the group and because they believe the group is better informed than they are (â€Å"Conformity†). In this study, Asch reported that most of the participants yielded to group pressure because they assumed the majority was right and they were wrong, rather than because they wanted to be accepted by the majority (Levine, 1999). This difference is what separates the Asch phenomenon from the concept of peer pressure. Peer pressure tends to operate more in primary groups in which normative and identification group influences are at work, rather than informational group influences. A brief example may explain the differences between these three types of influences. Informational influence is at work when a person thinks, â€Å"I should buy that brand of cereal because my health-conscious friends recommend it as part of a nutritious diet. † Normative influence is at work when a person thinks, â€Å"I should buy that brand of cereal so that my friends think that I am also health-conscious, or so they won’t make fun of me for eating badly. † Finally, a person reacting to identification influence would think, â€Å"I should buy that brand of cereal because I am a member of Weight Watchers, and all of us value that brand. Asch’s findings support more of an informational influence, particularly because the conforming subjects did not even know the other members of the group. They just assumed that the group must know something that they did not know, or decided it was easier and safer to go along with the group. The Asch phenomenon occurs even when there is only a perceived pressure to conform. That is, if members go against the group they will not experience any negative consequences. However, when dealing with peer pressure, often individuals who do not conform are ridiculed, humiliated, or excluded by his/her peers. Looking at the Asch study, you can see that while a significant proportion of people conformed, the majority did not. This suggests that some people may be more susceptible to the phenomenon than others, and that certain situations may create this pressure to conform more than others. There are five determinants of reference group influence. If there is visible usage, high relevance of a product to the group, low individual purchase confidence, strong individual commitment to the group, and it is a non-necessary item, people are much more likely to be influenced by the opinions of the group members (Hawkins, 2004). Imagine shopping by yourself as opposed to shopping with a group of your fashion-conscious friends. You notice a red shirt on the rack, but don’t really care for it. One of your friends later picks up the shirt and says, â€Å"This shirt is absolutely fabulous. † The other members of the group agree, and soon you find yourself agreeing that you also love the shirt. You do this not only because you want to be accepted by the group, but because you assume the others know more about fashion than you do. In addition, if the shirt is a reasonable price and you are looking for something to wear to a party where everyone will be dressed fashionably, the opinions of the group members will affect your purchase decision even more. The Asch phenomenon has been demonstrated in a variety of settings. In one study, 58 percent of college students were persuaded to agree to the statement that â€Å"the right of freedom of speech should be suspended when the Government feels threatened,† even though not one of these subjects held this view privately (Baxter). In another study, students’ perceptions of the nutritional value of a new diet food were influenced by the opinions of other members of a group. When the other students of the group were seen as â€Å"experts,† meaning they claimed to be majoring in and had work experience with nutrition, members changed their initial responses to conform to the group even more (Lascu, 1995). Clearly, this phenomenon should not be ignored when advertising a new product or designing a sales campaign, when potential consumers’ opinions are more likely to be swayed. The technique would be useful when potential consumers see others as having greater expertise about the product than they do. However, a great deal of risk in purchasing may cause a consumer to seek out information himself rather than go off of what others say. Therefore, the Asch phenomenon may work ideally in low-expertise and low-involvement situations. Examples Examples of the Asch phenomenon can be found throughout the media. When members of a group voice their positive opinions about a product, people are more willing to go along with this stated opinion. For example, Ford Motor Company uses the Asch phenomenon to build greater brand loyalty by providing a section on their website dedicated to personal stories with Ford vehicles. By reading all of the positive stories about Ford cars and trucks, consumers may also feel pressure to think the same way about Fords. Another example of the influence group members may have on individual purchasing decisions comes from the use of infomercials in which a product is displayed to a group of potential customers. At first, the consumers are skeptical that a product could be so easy to use, so convenient, or so inexpensive. However, a consumer is instructed to use a product, is impressed by the product, and says, â€Å"Wow, I really can feel my legs and abs getting stronger† or â€Å"Wow, this vegetable chopper really does make it easy. † Soon after, other members of the group are going along with the stated opinions of the original users, and people at home begin to agree with the group too, possibly to the point of purchasing the product. Specific companies using this technique include Ronco, Body by Jake, and Tae-bo. Pampered Chef kitchen shows work in a similar way, and depend on stated opinions of kitchen experts and groups of friends. As the host displays and uses a variety of kitchen products, showing how helpful, easy, and fun to use they are, other members of the group may try them out and voice similar opinions. A person who may not have otherwise been excited by a cooking stone or apple corer/peeler/slicer soon finds these products as amazing as the other members of the group, and has ordered them without giving a second thought as to when she will actually use them. People often find it very difficult to go against the positive opinions of movie critics and reviewers. When showing commercials for films, the previews include such statements as â€Å"The funniest movie of the year,† â€Å"Absolutely phenomenal† or â€Å"The best drama since (fill in the blank). † Claims such as these, especially from credible critics and publications, are difficult to disagree with and tend to sway people to go see the movie. For example, a person sees a movie on opening day before it is heavily advertised. This person thinks the movie is ok, but does not recommend it to any friends or family to see. However, after watching several ads on television in which positive claims are made about the movie, the person may change his/her opinion to go along with these claims. Suddenly, the movie seems better, and the individual finds him/herself agreeing with the critics and recommending the movie to others. This may be because he/she does not want to be the only one who thinks differently, or because the critics have greater expertise on movies.

Philosophies from Aquinas, Augustine, and Irenaeus and other theologians Essay Example for Free

Philosophies from Aquinas, Augustine, and Irenaeus and other theologians Essay The study of religion and philosophy is infinitely confronted with the problem of evil and its broad association to sin. In facing this debacle, there is a tendency for religion to deny the existence of evil and clearly explicate that it is a mere event in the undeveloped minds of people. Religion may also uphold that there is a competent rivalry between evil and good as evil can be considered as a rival authority, containing power equal to the divine good. It can also be derived that evil is the imperfect cooperation in the good explained under the presence of a deity deemed as omnibenevolent and omniscient. Some response concerning the evil include that debates which inculcate that the true free will cannot be established without the possibility of evil. This idea can be translated to the notion that humans are not able to understand and comprehend God, that spiritual growth and development necessisitates suffering and that evil is the impact of effect of the fallen and disrupted world. Many disciplines have attempted to provide a concrete definition of evil and sin and the proposed assumptions on the connection of evil to sin have encountered denials coming from other scholars. In this paper, multiple philosophies and valuable insights concerning the association of evil to sin will be explored. The teachings of Thomas Aquinas, Irenaeus and Augustine and of others will be discussed in order to define evil and sin, describe the relationshipof evil to sin, and to explicate the difference and the causality of sin and evil in the contemporary world. This papers central focus is on the inquiry: Every evil is sin, but is every sin evil? The Teachings of Thomas Aquinas on Evil and Sin The concept of evil by Thomas Aquinas and his entire miscellany of philosophy are naturally grounded upon the teachings of the St. Augustine who created a philosophical theological position on evil. Evil is an English noun that is commonly used today to describe anything that is undeniably horrendous, particularly in the aspect of human behavior. However, Thomas Aquinas says that the term evil has more inclusive sense than evil does for people. According to Aquinas, â€Å"we are dealing with evil whenever we are faced by whatever can be thought of as a case of falling short. † For Aquinas, there is no evil substance in the world and neither God nor man creates evil. In saying this Aquinas proves that the world is â€Å"created and governed by a perfectly good God who is also omnipotent and omniscient. † This teaching negates the argument of humans who say that each time some of the good stray aways from an object then it is evil. Aquinas says no this argument by declaring that no evil exists materially. Aquinas explicates that human beings are wholly good but have the tendency that some of their goodness will be removed. Aquinas strongly argues that there is a â€Å"serious sense in which it can be thought of as lacking in being. † Take for instance the thought of Adolf Hitler as wholly good. This example may raise several criticisms since Hitler has enjoyed being a household name for evil, but it is to illustrate Aquinass concept of evil caused by the removal of good. For Aquinas, Hitler is good- he has competent brain, his physique is complete, and he almost bares resemblance to God. But Hitler has some of his goodness removed when he tries to rule the world with tyranny. According to Aquinas, â€Å"evil is there only in the sense that something is missing. † Aquinas continues to say that â€Å"what is not there cannot be thought of as made to be by the source of the being of things. † In this sense, Aquinas follows Augustines thought and says that God can never be the cause of evil because evil is not an actual thing but the â€Å"absence of a good that ought to be present. † What causes people to be bad is the gap between who they are and how they should be but are not. Aquinas points rules out his concept of evil by illustrating that there will be no badness unless there goodness yet there can be goodness without any badness. In the aspect of sin, Aquinas writes that it is not the disobedience of irrational authority, but it is a violation of well-being. According to Aquinas, heologians may describe sin as an act againts God and philosophers may signify it as opposed to reason, but it is St. Augustine who aptly defines sin. Aquinas explains that it is more accurate to define sin â€Å"as being contrary to the eternal law rather contrary to human reason, especially since the eternal law includes many things beyond the scope of reason, such as matters of faith. † Even though Aquinas is an advocate of the philosophy of Augustine, he recognizes that the Augustine sometimes talks only about will in describing sin. Aquinas explains thaat the exterior act, which is the veruy substance of the sin, is evil itsefl and thus it is necessary to include exterior acts in the definition of sin. † However, Augustine and Aquinas both agree that the sin is evil because it harms and diminishes natural good. Aquinas takes into consideration the application of the natural law. According to Aquinas, â€Å"when it is said that all sins are evil but not because they are prohibited, that prohibition is understood as an act of positive law. † Aquinas emphasizes that since the natural law comes fron the eternal law and acts of positive law are derived from the natural law, then all sins are evil. It is argued by Aquinas that evil is the privation of good and an individual can identify the extent of privation by what is left after such action. In this idea, Aquinas is stressing that â€Å"what remains of good after every sin is the same, since there remains after every sin the very nature of the soul and the freedom of choice by which humans can choose good and evil. † Aquinas tells that all sins are equal and are evil. The focal point of Aquinas in saying that all sins are evil and that all sins are equal is the only main source capable of commanding humans what they ought to be. As a theologian, Aquinas gives emphasis to God as the main source the nature and eternal and divine law. Aquinas says that â€Å"since all are the same in turning away from God, all sins are equal. † For Aquinas, every sin is evil because it is a deviation from reason and law. Aquinas describes sin as having no cause because it has the nature of evil. It has been discussed earlier that evil is the removal of goodness whats is lacking in humans as a wholly good. Aquinas emphasizes that what is missing cannot be thought of as made to be by the source of the being of things. The same goes for sins. This concept makes both sin and evil as original which thrive on will that act against reason and divine moral law. Same with evil, God can never be the source of sin. Likewise evil can never be the cause of sin. In this sense, the evil of punishment serves as the sequel to sin. He compares evil of guilt to sin and declares that they have no difference. In saying that sin has a cause, Aquinas is quick to clarify that such cause is not necessarily a cause for sin can be impeded. This musing denotes that if there should be a necessary cause for sins, then people will keep on making sins since there is a cause inherent to them that makes them commit sins. Such notion echoes the perspective of Aquinas on whether sin has an internal cause. Aquinas argues that if sin has an internal cause, then man would always be sinning and since it has a cause, there will always be an effect. Aquinas also defines sin by mentioning virtue. Aquinas says, â€Å"But sin is evil because it takes away virtue. Therefore, all sins are equally evil, since every one of them equally takes away virtue. † Aquinas thinks of sins as contrary to virtues and that all virtues are equal. Therefore, Aquinas reaffirms that all sins are equal. He also come up with the idea of malice that is the equalizer of all sins. Aquinas says that â€Å"sin has malice in relation to turning away from God. † This feature in relation to the deviation from God states that circumstances tag the malice of sins as being more serious. Aquinas adds that â€Å" if circumstances should themselves have malice, they constitute species of sin and if they should not in themselves have any malice, there is no reason why they should make the sins more serious. † On the on the hand, the diversity in sins that other arguments are pointing to is a mere presentation of morally indifferent genus. Overall, Aquinas writes that all sins are evil in a sense that they both result in being unnatural, the failure of the natural rule that man ought to observe and obey. Evil and Sin According To Augustine Many of St. Augustines teachings on evil substantiate Aquinas concept. They both believe that the immutable God created only good things and He alone is the source of all being. Augustine negates all forms of theological and metaphysical dualism and puts great emphasis on God who is wholly good. According to Augustine, there is no dualism existing in the problem of evil. The thought of evil as not a being, a thing, or substance or entity liberates him from the Manichaean dualism,the belief that there exists two powerful beings, the good and evil. He realizes that all the God created are metaphysically and ontologically good in their being. He proposes that if evil were a being, a thing or an entity, then the problem fo evil will not be solved because it has a source. If the evil comes from God, then God is not all good and if it does not come from God, then He is not the powerful creator of all things. Augustine says that God is a spiritual and not a corporeal being and he â€Å"rejects Manichaeisms materialistic dualism but embraces a different dualism between corporeal and spiritual beings, with God, angels, and human soul falling into the latter class. † Upon rejecting the Manicheism and its simple concept on the origin of evil, Augustines obliges himself to establish an alternative solution to the origins of evil and starts to proclaim that evil represents a free deviation from God and is not a positive entity in its own right. All of the works of the immutable Creator of men are revelations of Gods nature and therefore, all of His works are of wholly good. Both Augustine and Aquinas believe that evil does not come from God. In his struggle concerning the confusion over evil, Augustine further says that the evil is not something that is completely real biut only fragment that is dependent on that which is absolutely real. According to Augustine, evil is not a thing or substance but he is aware of its existence and that it can be divided into three kinds. Metaphysical evil is the lack of mans perfection not because of his given nature but because they all fall short of complete perfection that only God can obtain. This is not actually considered evil. The second kind is the physical evil that is the privation of a certain perfection because of nature. This kind is being justified by Augustine together with the other theologians as under the jurisdiction of the general order of nature. The third kind if the moral evil, the only real evil. It is a sin or an act opposed to the will of God. The source of the moral evil is the faculty of free will in which man is able to turn away from the right order and deviate himself from the will of God. Augustine says, â€Å"sin is so voluntary that there is no sin unless it is voluntary. † He implies that there needs to be an act of moral will in any sin or the consent to turn away from God and to His will. Augustine emphasizes that moral evil is truly a sin for there is a consent. Sin settles itself in the free will, option, intention, and the motion of the soul, which instigates a wrong order into the world. Evil is â€Å"nothing but a privation of good until at last a thing ceases altogether to be. † An evil will is a kind of will that deviates away from God, the creator. Moreover, Augustine says that it is a disordered love and will, the wrong conformity to Gods will. The writings of Augustine on sin are associated with his Christian definition of evil. Augustine defines sin as the movement or the deviation of will endowed to humans away from God. He furthers his discussion of sin by stating that God can never be the author of sin just as He can never be the source of evil. Such movement of the human will away from the God the Creator is also referred by Augustine as the misdirection. According to him, as there is a misdirection on evil will, there is also a misdirection in the aspect of sin. Augustine explains that â€Å"sin is therefore an error or untruth and based upon the misconception of what is good for us. † Augustine says that when people choose to sin, they must have an intention of obtaining goodness or getting rid of something bad. He suggests that sin is more than an intellectucal error, it is the â€Å"misdirection of the will. † Augustines musing on sin as the misdirection of human will is demonstrated in mans pursuit of happiness or pride. Augustine notes that pride is the â€Å"an appetite for inordinate exaltation,it when the soul cuts itself from the Source to which it should keep close and somehow makes itself and becomes an end to itself. † Augustine continues that inordinate exaltation takes place when the â€Å"soul is inordinately pleased with itself, and such self-pleasing occurs when the soul falls away away from the unchangeable Good which ought to please the sould far more than the soul can please itself. † He also validates his definition of sin by saying that what the people do for the sake of goodness ends in something negative or bad , and what people do in making things good ends in just making things worse. Augustine explains this paradox by writing that â€Å"except that the happiness of man can come not from himself but only from God, and that to live according to oneself is to sin is to lose God. † This paradox explicates that sin is the possibility of man to focus on himself rather than on the all-knowing God. It is therefore suggested that, based upon the writings of Augustine, not all sins are considered evil due to the categorization of evil involving nature. Irenaeus On Evil and Sin Little is known about Irenaeus and his works are mostly generated fromScriptures and the biblical domain. The understanding of sin found in the works of Irenaeus of Lyons has some contradictions when compared to the dominant Christian perspective influenced by Augustine in the fifth century. Irenaeus of Lyons interprets Genesis as the disobedience of man with Adam acting like an impulsive child. Irenaeus thinks of sin as pains and errors which grow. He says that there is no such a things as original sin or guilt that man inherited from his forefather, Adam. It is seen that he has a different view of the mans fall compared to the teachings of later writers particularly Augustine. This idea posits that Irenaeus thinks of of the fall of Adam and Eve is not a rebellion against God the Creator but is a concrete illlustration of the failure of man to rise to greater heights and that humanity does not lose its original perfection. His view concerning the fall of the humanitys forefatther raises many questions as it does not seems to be based on Scripture but it is derived solely from his rational interpretation. He further suggests that the without loss of life and the presence of evils, humanity will not repent. Unlike, Aquinas and Augustine, Irenaeus imparts that evil comes from God. In this idea, it is clearly manifested that Irenaeus upholds that the appearance of evil is of righteous purpose. According to him, the elements which appear evil, like death are planned by God. He says, â€Å"it is for this reason therefore that Paul calls Adam himself the pattern of the one to come because the Word, the artisan of the universe, had sketched out in advance, in order to prepare the ground for himself, the future plan of the human race in its relation to to the Son of God, with God first of all establishing natural man order, quite obviously, that he might be saved by spiritual man. † In the said notion, Iranaeus outlines two distinct phases. Iraneaus writes that the â€Å"creation of humanity comes first, secondly comes its perfection through the incarnation of the Son, Christ Jesus, who transmits the Spirit of the whole human race. † It is evident that the advent of Christ is the sole purpose behind the creation of Adam. It is written that Irenaeus â€Å"does not identify evil with sin. † It is because he acknowledges the two types of evil. The first type is the physical evil that Irenaeus refers to as â€Å"arising from the nature of the creature for its is due to the opposition of contrary forces or to the sequences of events that obey natural laws: what seems to be an evil in the short run is a good on the cosmic. † According to Irenaeus, the second type of evil is the moral evil that he considers as sin. He declares that this type of evil is sin because it arises from the â€Å"jealousy of Satan and or certain angels who lured Adam into transgression. † Influenced by the writings of Johannine, Irenaeus defines sin as the â€Å"condition of human existence rather than a collection of individual actions. † According to Irenaeus of Lyon, moral evil is to be considered as a sin because it reflects Gods original design that is putting man into the test. This type of evil is generally accounted for mans free will and his ability to discern right from wrong. Irenaeus says that â€Å"God had foreseen the angels sin as well as that of man, including the consequences, and he had sanctioned it. † Iraneaus places sin in history and writes that the fall of man is the gradual spread of evil because of the inevitability of personal sin, not as a particular shift in the human nature. Moreover, Irenaeus has made a comparison between the natural person and the perfection of the person to describe sin. According to him,body and soul constitute a natural person while the perfect human being is made up of body, soul and spirit. The inclusion of Gods spirit is the essence of Irenaeus idea of the redemption. People have been redemeed and have been saved so that they may flourish into what God wants them to be. For Iranaeus, not all sins can be considered as evil as man is not accountable for some existing evils such as those coming from the natural disasters known as natural evils. The only evil that can be deemed as sin are the moral evils caused by the selfishness of humanity. Sin and Evil According to Other Theologians Lactantius is one of the Christian thinkers to respond to the problem of evil and sin referring solely to Gods laws. According to Lactantius, the â€Å"chief good of the humanity is not to be found in the theories of the philosophers, for these have to do things common to animals as well as humans or things not available to all humans. † He refers to the one and true God as the chief good and the things which meant to satisfy the body that perishes as not good at all. For him, pleasure, power and wealth are not good and anything and the disobedience of Gods laws are evil and sin. Reinhold Niebuhr belongs to the category of formative Christian moral theorists. He says that sin is â€Å"inevitable but not necessary. † He furthers his explannation of sin by stating that the â€Å"temptation to sin lies in the human situation itself. † Niebuhr stresses that the will and freedom endowed to man is the basis of his creativity and it is also his temptation. While Irenaeus declares that people need evil to spiritual grow, Niebuhr upholds his realist theory that people do not need sin and no perfection can completely liberate human beings from the reality of sin. Walter Rauschenbusch is included into the group of thinkers who deal with the importance of sin in salvation. According to him, â€Å"when we undertook to define the nature of sin, we accepted the old definition, that sin is selfishness and rebellion against God , but we insisted on putting humanity into the picture. † He further explains that the description of sin as selfishness will be accepted for as long as the humanity is perceived as a great solidarity with God thriving on it. He emphasizes that if sin is selfishness, then â€Å"mans selfishness consisted in a selfish attitude, in which he was at the centre of the universe, and God and all his fellowmen were means to serve his pleasures, increase his wealth and set off his egotisms. † He also rescue the dosctrine of the origin of sin from literal interpretations by recognizing the active sources of sin in the later generations and in the contemporary period. He was criticized upon recognizing that both goodness and sinfulness can be determined by social environment. Rauschenbusch explains that what can be evil is dictated by the society and the same goes for sin. He says that the good maybe forced to do bad while the bad maybe forced to do good as dictated by the society. Conclusion In the tradition of religion and theology, the definition of sin is related to the problem on evil. The question addresed in this paper is whether sin leads to evil or evil leads to sin. The definition of evil and sin according to several theologians were explored in this paper in order to understand the relationship between evil and sin. Based from the literatures studied, it is said that the relationship between evil and sin can be associated with reconciliation, salvation, the fall of Adam and the society itself, and morality. It is clearly manifested that the connection between sin and evil can be interchangeable such that evil can lead to sin and sin can lead to evil. The interchangeable connection is due to the observed judgement that evil and sin have the same feature as the deviation from what man ought to be. In this sense, all evil can be sin but not all sins are considered evil due to the fact that sin comprises only the moral and spiritual side of the humanity. The inquiry on whether every sin is evil is answered on the definition of evil in which various theologians categorize into various theories. This paper has observed that every theologian has his or her own conception on evil and sin and it is evident that their concepts have been derived from other theologians who took insights also from other thinkers. This is to say that evil and sin can be both the same in a sense that they both have the same characteristics constructed by thinkers who draw insights from their influences. BIBLIOGRAPHY Aquinas, Thomas. â€Å"The Subject and Approach of the De Malo,† in On Evil, eds. Richard J. Regan and Brian Davies. New York: Oxford University Press, 2003. Aquinas, Thomas, Summa Theologiae: Volume 25: Sin. New York: Cambridge University Press, 2006. Lacoste, Jean-Yves, ed. Encyclopedia of Christian Theology, Vol 1. New York: Routledge, 2005. Mann,William E. â€Å"Augustine on Evil and Original Sin,† in The Cambridge Companion to Augustine, eds. Eleonore Stump and Norman Kretzmann. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2001. Wogaman, J. Philip. Christian Ethics: A Historical Introduction. Kentucky: Westminster/John knox Press, 1993.

Effects of globalization on hospitality and tourism industry

Effects of globalization on hospitality and tourism industry In recent years, organizations in the hospitality and tourism industry have experienced a great deal of turmoil as the competitive forces within their industry have shifted under the weight of globalization. To survive, many companies must now build competitive advantage by relying on their employees to implement improved service delivery processes. Shifting travel markets, world-class competition, and escalating operating costs are forcing hospitality and tourism organizations to pay more attention than ever before to the needs and desires of their customers. This means that companies are having to find ways to become more responsive and create greater value for their customers. The quality of an organizations service delivery hinges in part upon its people. How frontline personnel act has a determining influence on customers perceptions of service quality and, in turn, on the overall level of customer satisfaction. However, even employees who are not directly involved in serving the customer have an indirect impact on customer satisfaction by means of the backup support they provide to frontline staff. The important role employees play in the success of service organizations, human resource management has traditional been a weak link in the hospitality and tourism industry. QESTION 1 Explain the communication process and same common forms of communication use in hospitality and tourism industry. INTRODUCTION QUESTION 1 Communication is perhaps the most important and most used of all skills in the hospitality and tourism industry. Managers spend the largest portion of their time in verbal or written communication with their employees, other managers, or outside parties. Frontline employees have frequent interaction with customers and other employees. Other staff members communicate among themselves, as well as with their managers, frontline employees, suppliers, and so on, to give and receive the information they need to perform their jobs. Communication has been recognized as the means by which both people and the organization survive. When human beings lack the ability to cope with life, the source of the problem is often a lack of appropriate information. Incomplete and unorganized information places a heavy strain on the ability of people make sense out of their existence. Their performance of a job depends on having the necessary information, having the skills to do a job depends on the quality of communication during the skills acquisition period. 1.1: Verbal communication Verbal communication is further divided into written and oral communication. The oral communication refers to the spoken words in the communication process. Oral communication can either be face-to-face communication or a conversation over the phone or on the voice chat over the internet. Spoken conversation or dialogs are influenced by voice modulation, pitch, volume and even the speed and clarity of speaking. The other type of verbal communication is written communication. Written communication can be either via snail mail, or email. The effectiveness of written communication depends on the style of writing, vocabulary used, grammar, clarity and precision of language. 1.2: Nonverbal communication Nonverbal communication is such as facial expression, gestures, posture, and tone of voice is an important component of personal business interactions. Nonverbal communication can help a small business owner to get a message across, or to successful interpret a message received from another person. On the other hand, nonverbal communication can also send signals that interfere with the effective presentation or reception of message. Nonverbal communication is usually understood as the process of communication through sending and receiving wordless messages. Such messages can be communicated through gesture body language or posture, facial expression and eye contact, object communication such as clothing, hairstyle or even architecture, symbols and info graphics. Speech may also contain nonverbal elements knows as paralanguage, including voice quality, emotion and speaking style, as well as prosodic features such as rhythm, intonation and stress. Likewise, written texts have nonverbal elements such as handwriting style, spatial arrangement of words, or the use of motion. However much of nonverbal communication process has focused on face-to-face interaction, where it can be classified into three principal areas and they are environmental conditions where communication takes place, the physical characteristics of the communicators, and behavior of communicators during interaction 1.3: Verbal VS Oral communication Scholars in this field usually use a strict sense of the team verbal, meaning of or concerned with words, and do not use verbal communication as a synonym for oral or spoken communication. Thus, vocal sounds which are not considered to be words, such as a grunt, or singing a wordless note, are nonverbal. Sign languages and writing are generally understood as forms of verbal communication, as both make use of words although like speech, both may contain paralinguistic elements and often occur alongside nonverbal messages. Nonverbal communication can occur through any sensory channel sight, sounds, smell, touch or taste. Nonverbal communication is important as when we speak or listen, our attention is focused on words rather than body language. But our judgment includes both. An audience is simultaneously processing both verbal and nonverbal cues. Body movements are not usually positive or negative in and of themselves; rather, the situation and the message will determine the appraisal . Interaction of verbal and nonverbal communication. When communicating, nonverbal messages can interact with verbal messages in six ways and they are repeating, conflicting, complementing, substituting, regulating and accenting or moderating. 1.4: Formal communication Formal communication includes all the instances where communication has to occur in a set formal format. Typically this can include all sorts of business communication or corporate communication. The style of communication in this form is very formal and official. Official conferences, meetings and written memos and corporate letters are used for communication. Formal communication can also occur between two strangers when they meet for the first time. Hence formal communication is stringent and rigid tone to it. 1.5: Informal communication Informal communication includes instances of free unrestraint communication between people who share a casual rapport with each other. Informal communication requires two people to have a similar wavelength and hence occurs between friends and family. Informal communication does not have any rigid rules and guidelines. 1.6: Appearance In oral forms of communication, the appearance of both the speaker and the surroundings are vital to the successful conveyance of a message. Whether we speaking to one person face to face or to a group in a meeting, personal appearance and the appearance of the surroundings covey nonverbal stimuli that affect attitudes even emotions toward the spoken words. For example, a speakers clothing, hairstyle, use of cosmetics, neatness, and stature may cause a listener to form impressions about her occupation, socioeconomic level, competence. Similarly, such details of the surroundings as room size, furnishings, decorations, lighting, and windows can affect a listeners attitudes toward the speaker and the message being presented. The importance of nonverbal clues in surroundings can be seen in the desire of business managers to have a corner office with a view rather than a cubicle in a crowded work area. 1.7: Body language Body language, and particularly facial expressions, can provide important information that may not be contained in the verbal portion of the communication. Facial expressions are especially helpful as they may show hidden emotions that contradict verbal statements. For example, an employee may deny having knowledge of a problem, but also have a fearful expression and glance around guiltily. Other forms of body language that may provide communication clues include posture and gestures. For example, a manager who puts his feet up on the desk may convey an impression of status and confidence, while an employee who leans forward to listen may convey interest. Gestures can add emphasis and improve understanding when used sparingly, but the continual use of gestures can distract listeners and convey nervousness. 1.8: Sounds Finally, the tone, rate, and volume of a speakers voice can convey different meanings, as can sounds like laughing, throat clearing, or humming. It is also important to note that perfume or other odors contribute to listeners impressions, as does physical contact between the speaker and the listener. Silence, or the lack of sound, is a form of nonverbal communication as well. Silence can communicate a lack of understanding or even hard feelings in a face-to-face discussion. CONCLUSION Communication can take any of a wide variety of forms. However, verbal communication is the form that is relied upon most often by managers. To be an effective verbal communicator requires that one adhere to the two basic laws of communication and be skilled in supportive communication. Much communication at the group level is conducted in meetings. Hence, effective meeting skills go hand-in-hand with effective communication within workgroup and teams. Communication at the organizational level can occur either via formal or informal channels. Each of these channels has associated benefits and a drawback, thus which channel is best depends on a given situation. Of utmost importance at the organizational level is to ensure that both internal and external communication systems are working in a way that facilitates the free flow of vital information throughout all levels and functional areas of the company. QUESTION 2 Motivation is the key to keeping performing continuously at the highest standards. How organization motivate their employees to excel at their jobs. INTRODUCTION QUESTION 2 A vital managerial function in any organization is to motivate employees. This is because motivation is inextricably linked to employee satisfaction and ensures employees consistently excel at their jobs. Motivation is especially important in the hospitality and tourism industry, where employee satisfaction and competence are key determinants of service quality. The definition of motivation is to give reason, incentive, enthusiasm, or interest that causes a specific action or certain behavior. Motivation is present in every life function. Education is motivated by desire for knowledge. Motivators can be anything from reward to coercion. Motivation plays a major role in achieving high performance in the workplace, which is an important goal of management. However, just because an employee is motivated does not guarantee she or he will perform satisfactorily. Effective performance requires ability, direction, motivation, and support from the work environment. Therefore, changing the performance of workers is rather more complicated than just motivating. In motivation they have two main kinds of motivation and they are intrinsic and extrinsic. Intrinsic motivation is internal. It occurs when people are compelled to do something out of pleasure, importance, or desire. Extrinsic motivation occurs when external factors compel the person to do something. However, there are many theories and labels that serve as sub tittles to the definition of motivation. A common place that can see is the need to apply motivation, is in the work place. In the work place, we can see motivation play a key role in leadership success. A person unable to grasp motivation and apply it will not become or stay a leader. To motivate the employees to excel at their job is the management have to identify what motivates the employees as each employees is likely to be motivated in different ways. For example is they might find that some employees are motivated when given praise for a job well done while others excel when given a bonus or a raise. Second is the management have hold contests that pit employees in one department against employees in another department or even between employees of the same department. Offer a fun reward for those who win the contest and the management also have to listen to the employees and let them know that management are there to support and to listen to them if they have a problem or concern. By listening to the employees, the management also will be able to assess their morale and whether they need motivation. Fourth is the management must allow their employees to use new skills they have acquired. If an employee has learned a new skill or completed a training course, try our best to implement his new skill into his everyday responsibilities and keep the employees from becoming bored. The management should continually strive to ensure that their employees are being used to their full potential rather than under-using them, which can stress them out. The management should be flexible with their employees specific roles within the company. While it is important that their employees fulfill the responsibilities defined in their job description, it is equally important to ensure that the employees are allowed to be creative and to contribute in ways that go beyond their job description and the management must offer positive feedback to employees who are doing a good job. Praise can often be a powerful motivator. The last motivate employees to excel at their jobs is stay focused on motivating their employees, so the management can ensure a high level of productivity from them. If the management notice that employees are starting to lag and lose their motivation, the managements must take action as soon as possible to re-motivate them. In motivation they have seven type of motivation and they are achievement motivation, affiliation motivation, competence motivation, power motivation, attitude motivation, incentive motivation and fear motivation. Achievement motivation is the drive to pursue and attain goals. An individual with achievement motivation wishes to achieve objectives and advance up on the ladder of success. Here, accomplishment is vital for its own shake and not for the rewards that accompany it. Second is affiliation motivation. Affiliation motivation is a drive to relate to people on a social basis. Personnel with affiliation motivation perform work better when they are complimented for their propitious and co surgical procedure. Third is competence motivation. Competence motivation is the drive to be good at something, allowing the individual to perform high quality work. Competence motivated people seek job mastery, take pride in developing and using their problem-solving skills and strive to be crea tive when confronted with obstacles. Fourth types of motivation are power motivation. Power motivation it is drive to influence people and change situations. Power motivated people wish to create an impact on their organization and are willing to take risk to do so. Fifth types of motivation are attitude motivation. Attitude motivation is how people reckon and feel. It is their self confidence, their belief in them selves, their attitude to life. It is how they feel about the possibility and how they react to the past. Sixth motivation is incentive motivation. Incentive motivation it is where a person or a team reaps a reward from an activity. Example of incentive motivation is you do this and you get that, attitude. It is the types of awards and prizes that drive people to work a little harder and the last motivation is fear motivation. Fear motivation is for coercions a person to act against will. It is instantaneous and gets the job done quickly. It is helpful in the short run. The importance of motivation is obvious. The employees need motivation in order to reach their goals. In fact it is one of the most important and driving factor for the employees to reaching their goals. Motivation does not have to be positive emotions. Fear can be very effective motivating factor. Stress is an example of negative motivating ineffective feelings. Most people have a tendency to become narrow sighted when they are stressed, some even get paralyzed or apathy. It is the rewards for reaching the goals that motivates or the feeling of fulfillment when they reach their goals or the satisfaction of being important. In motivation they have behavior styles. If the employees ever come across any of the behaviour matrixs that is available on the market, they will notice some interesting things when it comes to motivation. It is easy to realize that most companies bonus and appraisal system are not very well thought. Usually a behaviour matrix divides people into four different types of behaviour group. The four IDI styles are motivator, producer, processor, and realtor. They all have different needs and are therefore motivated by different emotions. Motivators are people that are good at motivating others, they are often perceived as exciting, fast, outspoken, engaging, enthusiastic, and creating. There is always something new going on. They are often very good at getting others to want to take on new challenges. Their need is to be unique and that is driving their motivation. Producers are people that often are perceived as goal oriented, strong, self confident, practically, down to earth and determent. Producers are good at driving towards goals. Their need is to be in control and that is driving their motivation. Processors are often perceived as well thought, objective, consistent, serious and logical. They are good at structuring and analyzing and their need to understand and that is driving their motivation. Relators are often perceived as supporting, loyal, trustworthy, considerate, calm, friendly and caring. Relators are good at creating and maintaining good relations with others. CONCLUSION Motivation refers to employees willingness to exert high levels of effort toward organizational goals in the expectation that doing so will enable them to satisfy some individual need. Motivation is a necessary, but by itself not a sufficient, condition of effective performance. The recipe for effective performance also calls for employee ability, managerial direction, and a satisfactory work environment. There are various motivational theories and strategies that can be applied at the individual, group, and organizational levels. At the individual level are Maslows hierarchy of needs, Herzbergs two-factor theory, and McClellands manifest needs theory, and equity theory. Motivational theories and techniques that can best be applied at the group level include the Hawthorne effect and equity theory. At the organizational level, the following motivational theories and strategies are most applicable reinforcement theory, job enrichment, job redesign, and the Scanlon plan. CONCLUSION OVERALL People management can be defined as the process of controlling and monitoring individuals. The concept of people management is widely used in organizations where the managers most important task is to manage people. In order to increase the efficiency of the people the manager has to lead, motivate and inspire people. Sometimes rules are defined to manage people like time lines, duties and more. In order to manage the people Human Resource Departments are established in the organization. These departments are specifically responsible to deal with people of organization.

Explain John Proctors Struggle with his Conscience :: Salem Witch Trials The Crucible Essays

Explain John Proctor's Struggle with his Conscience Conscience The conscience, the knowledge of right and wrong that affects actions and behaviour; the senses of guilt or virtue indeed by actions, behaviour etc. An innermost thought. (PH English dictionary) John Proctor has a terrible struggle with his conscience, particularly towards the end of the play. John proctors conscience is tell him that he shouldn't give into the pressure of the court, that he should stand proud and not tell the court lies. His conscience is telling him he shouldn't lie or defy the court and then his death, hanging from the noose, can be a proud one, accepted with honour after making his love and more importantly his peace with God. However his natural instinct, given to him upon his birth is telling him to lie. That he should lose his good name, confess to dealing with witchcraft. Telling him to lose some, perhaps all the respect people have for him but to keep his life. To lose his dignity but to keep his life. To live to see his children grow up, to see his unborn child be born, to watch his wife grow old with him. But most importantly to live, and to be free, and not to experience death till he is older. Live and lie, losing your dignity and all the respect you've earned, or die, but keep your good name, and let your children grow up with a good name. Leaving your life with an unblemished name. John chose death, although before he chose death he was prepared to choose life, he wanted to live, yet more than this he wanted an unblemished name. More importantly than this he wanted his children, and their children, and their children's children to have a name to be proud of. Proctor. He did not want them to be left with the name of a witch. Because it is my name (The Crucible, Act 4) John Proctor says the above quote, which simply reinforces everything I wrote earlier. John does not want to give up his name; he cannot have another in this life. Better to have one unblemished name. Than to have hundreds of names all tainted in one way or another. John does not want to give up his good name; he would rather give up his life, which we see in the rather gruesome and sudden ending of the play. This shows John Proctors personal struggle with himself. He wanted to live, yet he also wanted to keep his good name. He couldn't do both and in the end he chose his name. He was fighting with himself right

Victorian Schoolmistress :: Victorian Era

Victorian Schoolmistress Education It was preferred that the schoolmistresses were certified, particularly to work in the better schools during the latter half of the 19 th century. To become certified they were tested in grammar, geography, history, math, and writing from dictation. Additionally, their handwriting was analyzed for readability (Jackson). Appearance of Schoolhouse The focus on the appearance of the schoolhouse was mainly limited to the private schoolhouses, which wanted to attract the best students. Schoolmistresses decorated the school so that they looked relatively well-off, and conducted the school to give the appearance of a family/domestic setting. Unlike the public schoolhouses, the private schoolhouses aimed to attract a small number of the best students, whereas the public schools wished to attract enough students so as to collect an adequate amount of money for their salaries and other extraneous fees (Pederson 142). Salaries Generally, the pay was rather poor, barely ever being more than  £300 per annum. From this, lodging fees, repairs, taxes, and payment to assistants was removed, causing the profit for personal expenses to be well below  £100. Their salaries were garnered from the payments of their students. At the best boarding schools,  £70 for boarders and  £20 for day students was average. Conversely, in the poorer boarding schools,  £3 to  £10 was the average (Pederson 141). Public vs. Private School Lessons The public schools looked towards the public sphere for inspiration and trained students to be productive in the world and focused on their academics. On the other hand, the private schools tended to celebrate a life of leisure in the private setting. However, in public and private schools, music, French, arithmetic, writing and reading were the core subjects. Greater emphasis was put on domestic subjects and lessons were only taught to the point of being satisfactory in a social setting (Pederson 138, 144). The Typical Day in a Girls’ Boarding School 7:00 – Wake Up 8:00 – Breakfast is Ready, Usually Including Meat 9:00 or 9:30 – Day’s Studies Begin Noon – Girls Take a Walk After Having a Slice of Bread and Butter Dinner Follows the Walk 3:00 – Studies Continue Until 5:00 or 5:30